The Real Sinbad the Sailor

Sinbad the Sailor is one of the most famous heroes of Middle Eastern literature. In the tales of his seven voyages, Sinbad battled incredible monsters, visited amazing lands and met with supernatural forces as he sailed the Indian Oceans fabled trade routes.   In western translations, Sinbads stories are included among those that Scheherazade told during the One Thousand and One Nights, which is set in Baghdad during the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid from CE 786 to 809. In Arabic translations of the Arabian nights, however, Sinbad is absent. The interesting question for historians, then, is this: Was Sinbad the Sailor based upon a single historical figure, or is he a composite character derived from various bold seafarers who plied the monsoon winds?  If he once existed, who was he? Whats in a Name? The name Sinbad seems to come from the Persian Sindbad, meaning Lord of the Sindh River.  Sindhu is the Persian variant of the Indus River, indicating that he was a sailor from the coast of what is now Pakistan. This linguistic analysis also points to the stories being Persian in origin, even though existing versions are all in Arabic.   On the other hand, there are many striking parallels between many of Sinbads adventures and those of Odysseus in Homers great classic, The Odyssey,  and other stories from classical Greek literature. For example, the cannibalistic monster in the Third Voyage of Sinbad is very similar to Polyphemus from The Odyssey, and he meets the same fate — being blinded with the hot iron spits he was using to eat the ships crew. Also, during his Fourth Voyage, Sinbad was buried alive but follows an animal to escape the underground cavern, much like the story of Aristomenes the Messenian. These and other similarities point to Sinbad being a figure of folklore, rather than an actual person. It is possible, however, that Sinbad was a real historical figure with an insatiable urge to travel and a gift for telling tall tales, though it may be that after his death other traditional travel tales were grafted on to his adventures to produce the Seven Voyages we now know him by. More Than One Sinbad the Sailor Sinbad may be based in part on a Persian adventurer and trader named Soleiman al-Tajir — Arabic for Soloman the Merchant — who traveled from Persia all the way to southern China around the year 775 BCE. Generally, throughout the centuries that the Indian Ocean trade network existed, merchants and sailors traveled just one of the three great monsoonal circuits, meeting up and trading with one another at the nodes where those circuits met.   Siraf is credited with being the first person from western Asia to complete the entire voyage himself. Siraf likely gained great renown in his own time, particularly if he made it home with a hold full of silk, spices, jewels, and porcelain. Perhaps he was the factual foundation upon which the Sinbad stories were built. Likewise in Oman, many people believe that Sinbad is based on a sailor from the city of Sohar, who sailed out of the port of Basra in what is now Iraq. How he came to have a Persianized Indian name is not clear.   Recent Developments In 1980, a joint Irish-Omani team sailed a replica of a ninth-century dhow from Oman to southern China, using period navigational instruments only, in order to prove that such a voyage was possible. They successfully reached southern China, proving that sailors even many centuries ago could have done so, but that brings us no closer to proving who Sinbad was or which western port he sailed from. In all likelihood, bold and footloose adventurers much like Sinbad set out from any number of port cities around the rim of the Indian Ocean in search of novelty and treasure. We will probably never know if any particular one of them inspired the Tales of Sinbad the Sailor. It is fun, however, to imagine Sinbad himself leaning back in his chair in Basra or Sohar or Karachi, spinning another fabulous story to his spellbound audience of land-lubbers.

The Date the World Went to War - 1994 Words

In 1914 Bosnia was holding the annual summer manoeuvers of the Austro- Hungarian army that were centered on the XV and XVI corps there. It was said it was beautiful Sunday morning as it was bright and sunny that day. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was there serving as the inspector of the army. It was announced in March that the Archduke Franz Ferdinand would be attending this event, and would be visiting Sarajevo as well. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip on June 28th, 1914 in Sarajevo as an act of terror by Princip, on behalf of the Slavic Nationalist Black Hand Organization. This date is often associated with being the start of the First World War. Franz Ferdinand was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia. He was born in Graz, Austria, and was the eldest son of Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria and was the younger brother of Franz Joseph and Maximilian. In 1889 Ferdinand’s cousin com mitted suicide at his hunting lodge. This changed his life drastically because this meant his father was in line for the throne. Shortly after gaining the throne Ferdinand’s father passed away from typhoid fever. With the death of his father Franz was now in charge of the throne.1 Franz Ferdinand was enlisted into the Austro-Hungarian Army at a young age. He was promoted often, and was even appointed lieutenant by the age of fourteen. He followed that by becoming a captain at twenty- two, colonel byShow MoreRelatedThe Driving Forces Of Fashion Essay1203 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopments @ †¢ influential people @ †¢ media, music, cinema and TV @ †¢ art and design From conformity to rebellion, post war citizens in 1945-1959 had changed the way they dressed and influenced many more future fashion trends that we can see today. Fashion in this period of time was significantly different, mostly for women. Girls were moving away from masculine war looks and towards a new curvaceous feminine look. There was also a growth in the teenage culture where the teenager was createdRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pageseverywhere. Our support goes to those who struggle to gain those rights and keep them† (The Four Freedoms). Prior to the U.S. entry into World War II, the American people were reluctant of being involved with the affairs of the world. Through a turn events and the persuasive actions of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the country was re-geared for mobilization and war against tyranny in whichever form it presented itself. The President delivered many great speeches that brought the United States to glob alRead MoreEssay on Ghost on the Throne Book Review1587 Words   |  7 Pagesof poison from Alexander’s enemies, including the fact that many people wanted to see Alexander dead. 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Schedule Driven Project Free-Samples for Studetns-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Engineering projects are generally cost-driven, schedule-driven or a combination of both. Schedule driven projects have not been regarded highly by some project performance analysts. However, a large Design and Construct Contractor in Australia recently expressed the view that the key Driver for successful projects is that they be schedule driven and appropriately coordinated rather than be cost-driven. However, the references below infer that schedule driven projects may not be the way to go. Do you agree or disagree? Answer: The Large Australian design contractor is saying that the schedule driven project will play a significant part than cost driven project. But according to the research of Industry Benchmarking Consortium is suggesting that schedule driven project will not play a vital role as cost driven project (Merrow 2011). The reason behind this is schedule driven project will be incurring high costs, overrunning of cost and incident regarding safety. But according to me, I am with the Australias largest contractor. I think that schedule driven project will play a vital role and will be the key driver. The reasons to agree are stated as follows: Schedule Driven Project is a venture that is performed and overseen under the superseding limitation of time. The administration procedure of such a venture is chiefly in light of the last conveyance date. It really implies that time turns into the key condition for settling on venture administration choices (Frango 2017). Time booking will be the organized action among different exercises, (for example, staffing, planning, quality control and so on.) of the venture administration handle. A venture progresses toward becoming calendar driven when either the support (a man/association putting reserves in the venture) or the client (a man/association expected to utilize/devour the venture's item) decides time as the centre limitation of the usage procedure. The group is permitted to use however many assets as could be expected under the circumstances to execute the venture and make the item inside the coveted conveyance date. Schedule driven projects contrast from asset driver ventures. An asset driver extend has a tendency to expend assets in ideal way since accessibility, quality and amount of venture assets (work force, reserves, innovation and so on.) are viewed as the abrogating imperative. In this manner, the time term of such a venture can be extended as much as required until the venture stays inside the predominant limitation of assets. Schedule driven project provides benefits for managers in the following ways: Defining the Scope- The appropriate schedule template will help to provide good definition of project scope. Scheduling can be used as a primary tool by executives for determining the durations as well as task dependencies. It will help them in relating with the structure of work breakdown. The requirement of time for a job could be estimated accurately. Progress Review- The schedule template could be use effectively to share data related to time with team members as well as higher stakeholders. It helps in communicating and knows about work progress (Yaghootkar and Gil 2012). The project issues are been focused by the reviewers as well as the impact of schedule performance. Compliance with policies and procedures of business- Schedule driven project helps in realizing the objectives of business in a systematic way. It helps in aligning the projects along with procedures as well as policies of organisation. Executives have the option to use templates for complying with the activities of project with the required strategies. Creating schedules for programs- Program administration includes a few or more administrators in overseeing related undertakings running parallel. The test here is that the administrators need to precisely arrange and assign assets between the activities so as to keep arrangement with the whole program. Precise booking lets address the test by recognizing asset accessibility, synchronizing venture exercises and making a solitary calendar for the program. Asset bottlenecks as well as time requirements can be maintained a strategic distance from. Schedule Driven Project also provides benefit for the stakeholder as well as team in following ways: Communications flows in a streamline in between stakeholders when there is a development and of schedule. Establishing of effective streamline communications between the team and stakeholders exists. Allocation of resource: Numerous associations run parallel ventures, and for PMs it winds up plainly difficult to apportion resources to the undertakings and operations and to get ready for the pinnacles and troughs of day by day exercises. Extend plan format guarantees some bit of consistency around asset assignment; giving the administrators enhanced visualise into the request from their synchronous activities (Holler et al. 2014). Unexpected changes being managed- The group is secured against circumstances when the partners (the client or support) need to ask for a startling change that can't be obliged in the workplace without unnatural practices. The venture plan decides a correct course of events with particular activities that must be done, while any surprising change ought to be overseen in like manner all through the change administration handle (Kerzner 2013). Right Focus- When team is stuck in an important task at that schedule driving project provides a template that exhibits schedule of project. It helps the team to move on to the next part of project and therefore the work continues in a streamline path (Grau and Back 2015). The above stated advantages can make schedule driven project to be a significant driver. References Frango, R. (2017). Schedule Driven Projects | Project Controls - planning, scheduling, cost management and forensic analysis (Planning Planet). [online] Planningplanet.com. Available at: https://www.planningplanet.com/blog/schedule-driven-projects [Accessed 19 Apr. 2017]. Grau, D. and Back, W.E., 2015. Predictability Index: Novel Metric to Assess Cost and Schedule Performance.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,141(12), p.04015043. Holler, R., Culling, I., Delwadia, R., Mamut, P., Crowe, M., Hanson, D., Boudreaux, P., Gilkerson, D., Farr, E. and Odenwelder, J., Versionone, Inc., 2014.Methods and systems for performing project schedule forecasting. U.S. Patent 8,875,088. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Merrow, E.W., 2011.Industrial megaprojects: concepts, strategies, and practices for success(Vol. 8). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Yaghootkar, K. and Gil, N., 2012. The effects of schedule-driven project management in multi-project environments.International Journal of Project Management,30(1), pp.127-140.

what Essays - Misha, Jeremy Harmer, Three Fates, Nightmare 8

RE: The Prince and the Thre... curious-man RE: The Sister of the Sun curious-man RE: The Enchanted Head curious-man RE: True or false :] I-She RE: Can you give me a pictu... maxilady RE: Boom! Game maxilady RE: Boom! Game bulutumsu RE: True or false :] bulutumsu RE: Who has this name? bulutumsu RE: Can you give me a pictu... bulutumsu RE: True or false :] maxilady RE: The person after me game ZeYthiN RE: Who has this name? maxilady RE: Boom! Game maxilady [?eviri&Yard?m]So that ... mehmet321 The Prince and the Three Fates ZeYthiN The Sister of the Sun ZeYthiN The Enchanted Head ZeYthiN c?mle ?evirisi mehmet321 [Yarma] Grammar Nightmare 8. S?n?f 1. D?nem 2. S?nav Misha Verb Mood TheDimpLe Do you want Karate? afk 2010-2011 8th Grade 1st Ter... bluewall07 2010-2011 7th Grade 1st Ter... bluewall07 2010-2011 6th Grade 1st Ter... bluewall07 ESL aloud. General Practice... Misha Jeremy Harmer - How to Teac... Misha Mediterranean Diet Helps Co... badr bulutumsu (40 mesaj) ZeYthiN (33 mesaj) Misha (33 mesaj) ?zNuR (29 mesaj) afk (28 mesaj) MeLoNSHaPKa (27 mesaj) TheDimpLe (21 mesaj) curious-man (20 mesaj) badr (13 mesaj) I-She (12 mesaj) terc?man (12 mesaj) Nightmare (10 mesaj)

Patient Satisfaction †Nursing Essay

Patient Satisfaction – Nursing Essay Free Online Research Papers Patient satisfaction scores in hospitals have steadily decreased in the United States. According to Zwillich (2007), â€Å"Americans are more dissatisfied than citizens of other nations with their basic health care, even while paying more of their own money for treatment†. Research has shown that the nursing shortage that has plagued the United States has played a large role in the downward trend of patient satisfaction. Citing a report by Press Ganey Associates, Inc., Sara Nemeth (2007) reports that the higher the ratio between working Registered Nurses in any given state, the higher the patient satisfaction scores will be. From this data, it can be surmised that patient satisfaction will increase as the number of nursing staff increases. These results demand a call to action, and patient satisfaction depends upon it. A study published by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing states that the shortage of nurses may be affecting health care quality and patient outcomes, quoting the New England Journal of Medine as reporting that 53% of physicians and 65% of the public cited the nursing shortage as a leading cause of medical errors. The same study also states, according to Joint Commission for Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (2007), that the shortage of nurses in America is, â€Å"putting patients’ lives in danger†, and found that since 1996, low nursing staff levels were contributing factors in 24% of patient deaths and injuries. The nursing shortage is not going away any time soon. In the same article by the American Association of Colleges of Nurses, it is estimated that 30 states had shortages in the year 2000, and this projection is expected to intensify to where 44 states, plus the District of Columbia will have nursing shortages by the year 2020. In addition, according to the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, the number of nurses taking state boards for the first time decreased by 20% between 1995 and 2003. Finally, Dr. Amy Tuteur quotes results Press Ganey President and CEO, Melvin Hall (2007) as saying, â€Å"The American Consumer Satisfaction Index (ASCI) from the University of Michigan has shown that customers’ satisfaction with healthcare has decreased significantly over the past several years†. Her statement is reflective of the majority of research being done in this area. According to the ECRA group (2007), healthcare leaders must be held accountable for the quality of care they provide. Patient satisfaction is increasingly being looked at as an indicator of positive patient outcomes, and a better quality of life. ECRA states that the patients’ perceptions of the quality of care they receive, and the attention that is paid to them can be as important as clinical health measures when patients are viewing their clinical outcomes. With the research showing that the nursing shortage is going to be here for quite some time, health care professionals must find a way to effectively deliver care, and bring patient satisfaction scores back to baseline, and above. Communicating with patients is key. Levinson (2007) states that poor communication often leads to patient dissatisfaction, whereas, â€Å"Effective communication enhances patient satisfaction and health outcomes.† Levinson also stated that the combination of a bad outcome and patient dissatisfaction, â€Å"Is a recipe for litigation†. In a similar article, J.W. Pichert (2007) stated that healthcare professionals must understand patients’ specific dissatisfactions and prevent them in the first place, thereby rectifying patients’ concerns. These findings suggest that nurses must find a way to enhance their communication with patients, reverse the trend of dissatisfied patients, and change the culture of patient care in a positi ve way. In 2005, the Studer Group (2006) introduced a strategy into the healthcare market, called, â€Å"The Nursing Bundle†. It has been adopted by multiple hospitals across the United States, and has provided the tools for hospitals to significantly increase their patient satisfaction scores, and increase patient safety. The Nursing Bundle is comprised of five key strategies, all aimed at promoting excellent patient care, proactively meeting the needs of patients, and increasing the level of patient satisfaction. Each component of the Nursing Bundle raises the standard of care on it’s own merit, but together, the five components tie into each other and have had a profound effect on the care delivery system. The first component is Individualized Patient Care. This refers to identifying key priorities to the patient upon admission to the nursing unit. The nurse asks the patient what the two most important needs he or she has that if met, would allow them to feel as though they have received excellent care. This information is written on a dry erase board in the patient’s room, and alerts all staff to the patient’s individual needs. The patient’s individual pain scale is also assessed, and written on the board. The patient will see that the staff is concerned about them as individuals, and that they don’t treat everybody the same. The patient’s perspective is valued as being the most important, and they will be reassured that everybody is aware of what their specific needs are, thereby making them less anxious and more compliant with their care and treatments. Individualized patient care also allows staff the opportunity to ask about the patient’s individual needs when rounding, eliminating call lights for unmet needs. The nurse will be alerted to the patient’s pain needs, and the physician will be alerted to the patient’s desired pain level. Ultimately, the patients will be more satisfied that their individual needs are being met. The second component is Bedside Shift Report. Prior to the end of the shift, the nurse informs the patient that they will be doing bedside shift report very soon. The nurse tells the patient that their privacy is important, and asks if they would like the nurse to ask visitors to leave, should visitors be there at the time of shift report. This shows the patient that the nurse recognizes and facilitates their need for privacy. During the shift report, the nurse introduces the oncoming nurse to the patient. The patient’s condition, tests, and procedures are reported to the oncoming nurse, and any needed clarifications are made for the patient at this time. This serves to show the patient that the oncoming nurse is aware of their needs, and reduces anxiety that perhaps the next nurse does not know their case. They will be more satisfied because they know who their nurse is, and that things are being done and monitored throughout the shift. Finally, the process will aid in increasing communication. Studer has determined that communication issues are the root cause of about 30% of patient safety events, and improved communication between caregivers positively impacts patient care and outcomes. For the nurse, bedside shift report improves the sharing of information between healthcare providers by utilizing a standardized method of communicating. If asked questions, the nurse won’t have to say, â€Å"I haven’t seen my patients yet†, and will be more prepared. The off-going nurse can also use this time to use â€Å"hands-on† to show the oncoming nurse how to operate special equipment, or how special orders are being handled. Accountability will increase, since each nurse will know his or her patients’ condition at the beginning of the shift. Finally, bedside report improves the nurse’s understanding of the patient’s condition, as he or she is able to visualize the patient. With the nurse is better prepared and more comprehensively informed, the patient will have an increased sense of well being, and will ultimately be more satisfied. The third element of the nursing bundle, and the most important, is hourly rounding. In a study done by C.M. Meade (2007), â€Å"Specific nursing actions performed at set intervals were associated with statistically significant reduced patient use of the call light overall, as well as a reduction of patient falls, and increased patient satisfaction†. Hourly rounding has eight components that integrate to ensure that the patient is receiving the care that they need, and most important, the care they feel that they deserve. First, the nurse uses key words and/or actions to introduce themselves, their skill set, and their experience. The word â€Å"round† is used, because this is a word that is familiar to most people, and will help frame the context of the interaction. The patient is told when the nurse will round again, thereby decreasing anxiety and building trust. Second, the nurse performs any scheduled tasks during the hourly round. Performing tasks while rounding allows the nurse to include scheduled work into the rounds, thereby accomplishing everything in one trip to the patient’s room. If there is not a scheduled task, the patient still has the reassurance that the nurse is coming to the room, and has the opportunity to voice an unanticipated need. Third, the nurse addresses the â€Å"3 P’s† that Studer has identified as being the most common reasons patient use their call bells. These are pain, potty and position. Proactively assessing and treating pain keeps pain from becoming severe, and increases satisfaction as a result. Scheduling patients to use the bathroom on rounds avoids unassisted walks to the bathroom, which can lead to falls. Helping the patient change positions also helps to keep them comfortable, and reduces the chance of a pressure ulcer, especially in the elderly. Fourth, the nurse performs comfort measures, such as fluffing pillows, straightening sheets, filling water pitchers, and offering something to drink. These are basic nursing functions that often get left undone if not intentionally scheduled, and lead to additional call light requests, and ultimately result in patient dissatisfaction. Fifth, the nurse conducts an environmental assessment of the room. This allows the nurse to determine whether there are any needs the patient has not identified that could raise the potential for the patient needing the nurse to return before the next scheduled hourly round. These needs include making sure the call light and telephone are within reach, the garbage can is next to the bed, and the patient looks comfortable. Sixth, closing key words are used before the nurse leaves the room. These are words such as, â€Å"Is there anything else I can do for you before I leave?† I have time†. This will not only decrease the need for the patient to ring the call light, but will allow the nurse to accomplish any other task while he or she is still in the room. It also tells the patient that all needs, no matter how small, are being addressed. The patient will be more satisfied with the nursing care if he or she knows the nurse has time to meet their needs. Seventh, the nurse explains to the patient when he or she will be back. When the patients know the nurse will be back hourly, they will cluster their requests in the context of the nurses rounds, rather than relying on using the call bell, as long as they know the nurse will be back in an hour, and their request is not urgent. Finally, prior to leaving the room, the nurse documents the rounds on a hourly checklist inside the patient’s room. This allows the patient to visibly see that it’s been only an hour between rounds, it allows the family to see that their loved one is being attended to frequently, and it allows the nurse manager to ensure that rounds are being done appropriately. Hourly rounding not only has the benefit of proactively meeting the needs of the patient, but by decreasing the call lights, the nurse is able to stay focused and round on a schedule. According to Carla Cox, Administrative Director for Cardinal Health (2007), â€Å"A patient who is confident a nurse is checking on them regularly is more likely to wait for the nurse to stop in, rather than hit a call light†. In addition to the research performed by the Studer Group, a study by Christine Mead, PhD, Executive Director of the Alliance for Health Care Research ((2007), had similar findings in regard to rounding. She stated, â€Å"Nurses’ rounds conducted regularly, every 1 or 2 hours, may help decrease patients’ use of call lights, as well as increasing patient safety and level of patient satisfaction†. In another article, Mary Shepherd, RN, Nursing Project Manager at Methodist Hospital in Houston, TX (2007) perhaps brought it together when she said, â€Å"Too many times we take for granted that the patient knows what we are doing when we enter their room. But these are non-clinical people who have no idea why we are asking them their name and birth date 30 times a day. One concept of the hourly rounding program is to take the time to verbalize everything that we are doing, letting them know it is for their safety, for their benefit†. The fourth element of the nursing bundle is Manager Rounds on Patient. The unit manager visits every patient on his or her unit at least once per day, and validates that the elements of the nursing bundle are being accomplished. He or she asks the patient if they have had any difficulty accessing their nurse, if the nurse has been in to see them frequently, and if their pain has been adequately controlled. They also ask if the individual need listed on the board has been consistently met, and if they have had any difficulty accessing the bathroom. The patient has an increased sense of well being, not only knowing that they have been receiving individualized care, but also knowing that the unit manager is rounding daily to ensure that it is being provided. The fifth, and last element of the nursing bundle is Discharge Telephone Calls. Patient’s perspective is valued as being most important. Discharge telephone calls make the patients feel cared about as a person, they decrease patient anxiety, provide an opportunity to evaluate patient education, to determine patients’ compliance with discharge instructions, to assess the overall impressions of the hospital’s performance, and to reinforce the patient’s perception that excellent care has been provided. For the staff, they provide a positive experience for staff, since most discharge calls are positive, they provide an opportunity for service recovery, and they provide an opportunity to identify trends that may require improvement in practice. The discharge telephone call is also the last opportunity the nurse has to be sure the patient was satisfied. The nurse has a scripted dialogue, and begins by identifying him/herself, and asking if it is a good time for the patient to talk. This shows that the nurse respects and values their time. The patient is asked if they understood their discharge instructions, and if any questions have surfaced since their discharge. This shows the patient that even though he or she has been discharged, the staff of the hospital still has their well being in mind. The nurse then states that the hospital always likes to make sure their patients were very happy with their care, and states it just that way, following with, â€Å"How was your care?†. Next, the nurse thanks the patient for allowing the hospital to care for them, and makes sure they have a telephone number to call if they have any other questions. The discharge telephone call gives closure in a positive way to the patie nt, and brings their care into their home setting. When they receive their satisfaction survey in the mail, they are more likely to remember the care they received having received the discharge call as well. With no end in sight to the nursing shortage, and the grim ramifications research has shown as a result, healthcare providers need to find ways to get back to the basics of nursing to improve the care delivery system, without waiting for the tide to turn again. The Studer Group (2006) has put together an excellent program to raise the bar back to where it needs to be. Fox News [Internet]. New York (NY): FOXNews.com; [cited 2007 Jan 12]. Available from: foxnews.com/story/0,2933,136990,00.html Press Ganey Associates, Inc. [Internet]. South Bend (IN): pressganey.com; [cited 2007 Jan 12]. Available from pressganey.com/scripts/news.php?news_id=57 American Association of Colleges of Nursing [Internet]. Washington (DC): aacn.edu; [cited 2007 Jan 12]. Available from aacn.nche.edu/MediaBackgrounders/shortagesfacts.htm Press Ganey Associates, Inc. [Internet]. South Bend (IN): pressganey.com; [cited 2007 Jan 12]. Available from http://treatmewithrespect.blogspot.com/2006/05/gap-widens-in-hospital-patient.html Chicago Chronicle [Internet]. Chicago (IL): chicagochronicle.edu; [cited 2007 Jan 12] Available from http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/970220/malpractice.shtml National Center for Biotechnology Information [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): ncbi.gov; [cited 2007 Jan 12]. Available from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrievedb=PubMedlist_uids=96 ECRA [Internet]. Rosemont (IL). Ecragroup.com [cited 2007 Jan 12]. Available from ecragroup.com/healthcare/patientsatisfaction.html National Center for Biotechnology Information [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): ncbi.gov [cited 2007 Jan 12]. Available from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmedcmd=retrievedopt=Abstra Nursing Spectrum [Internet]. McLean (VA). Nursingspectrum.com [cited 2007 Jan 12]. Available from http://community.nursingspectrum.com/MagazineArticles/article.cfm?AID=24949 Medscape [Internet]. New York (NY). 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Marketing design Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Marketing design - Case Study Example Michael E. Porter suggests that businesses must search for a sustainable competitive advantage, which comes from developing a distinctive way of competing (Goett, 1999). As part of the marketing strategy for the oxygen bar, methods for setting it apart as a distinctive brand will be addressed. Population growth and changing demographics are examples of social trends that can have an effect on sales (Nickels et al, 2005). As part of a well-organised PESTLE analysis, the identification of external factors directly affecting the success of the oxygen bar has revealed several relevant issues that could positively impact its survival within the market. It might be argued that oxygen bars are a socio-cultural trend towards better health, as oxygen has been said to boost energy, heighten concentration, reduce stress and detoxify the blood (Davis, 2003). The actual effects of frequenting the oxygen bar are socially independent, meaning that those individuals who have used the bars have found different personal satisfactions regarding oxygen usefulness for health and well-being. However, understanding that oxygen bar popularity has been on the increase globally, similar external social factors towards better, healthy living might well impact a strong customer loyalty to the servic e. In the mid-term, it is possible that new developments in health-related, professional research might indicate a different social trend towards health initiatives, negating positive consumer perceptions of oxygen effectiveness. It might be argued that consumer preferences fluctuate periodically, however, an individual need only witness extensive literature available on UK health studies to visualise a growing trend in better health awareness. Therefore, in the mid-term, no dramatic fluctuations Oxygen Bar 4 in socio-cultural values regarding customer discontinuation of the oxygen bar concept are anticipated. Economic factors, in the short term, do not necessarily affect the ongoing success of the Andrews Adult School Oxygen Bar as the pricing structure for the service will be kept at competitive levels. Pricing will be discussed later in the analysis, but it has been determined that the bar will be maintained at an affordable level, allowing for a broader market to be targeted for bar advertisements. From a community perspective, the oxygen bar will open new job opportunities (especially for the campus student population) and might be accepted for its positive economic impact on the community. In the mid-term, assuming the oxygen bar maintains a level of business and profit success in the community, advancing economic impacts could include more job opportunities to staff the business due

Must Liturgy Adapt to Culture or vice versa Essay

Must Liturgy Adapt to Culture or vice versa - Essay Example It would seem that the trend in the liturgical changes points to an adaptation to the people’s way of life or culture. In the light of an increasing secularisation of society, the question begs: Must liturgy adapt to culture, or vice versa? The Essence of Liturgy One must rest upon the definitions of liturgy and culture to be able to take a handle on this question. The word liturgy comes from the Greek word liturgia which signifies an act of public service done for the community. From a Christian point of view , and particularly Anglicans, as explained in the Guiding Principles of Christian Worship, liturgy has come to be known as â€Å"the work of the people of God,† or their public obligation to give God thanks and adoration. It is very important to establish the relevance at this early of the six guiding principles of Christian worship as contained in the Book of Common Prayer. These are, one, that the Holy Scripture must be the foundation and the basic content of al l Christian worship; two, that tradition must be carefully respected; three, that the language in edification must be relevant to and understood by the congregation; four, that ceremonies need not be identical across cultures but must not also contradict Scripture or the Creeds; five, that the words and the liturgies should seek ecumenical convergence with the Universal Church, and six, that these words and forms of the liturgies must maintain continuity with the Church’s historic tradition, while giving way to creativity and innovation in response to societal change. Liturgy then is the vehicle for the people’s expression of their faith. In the exegesis of the six principles, it is said that in finding such expression, nothing must contradict the Holy Scriptures, it being the foundation of worship. Such deference includes the use of words, concepts and images. It is also said that in the process of expressing faith, tradition must be respected and preserved as close a s possible to when it transpired as indicated in the Holy Scriptures. One can see where Fr. Kavanagh is coming from. The admonition to adapt culture to liturgy has all its foundation rested on the guiding principles but reflects a growing fear of the consequences of the reverse happening. Torevell (2004) observes that liturgy is becoming less popular and the reason he cites is that people no longer have that creative and restorative sense of rite but rather look at liturgy as a stable act of repetition. The Essence of Culture Culture, according to Davey (2012), is a framework of behavioural patterns, values and experiences shared within and by a social group. It is the â€Å"order of life in which human beings construct meanings through practices of symbolic representations,† according to Inda and Ronello (2008). Samovar (2009, pp.144-146) define it as a set of social rules that provide the framework and meaning to events, objects and people, to make sense of the surround ings and lessen the uncertainty about the environment. It provides a sense of identity, of self, of belonging. It is learned, transmitted via generations and acquired through interactions, observation, and imitation from art, proverbs, history, teachers, parents, books and media. It is symbolic and its symbols are used exclusively by the group. It is about the group’s standards, their beliefs, their traditions, their habits, their peculiar way of living their lives or understanding