To Kill A Mocking Bird-Prejudice Essays - Discrimination, Abuse

To Kill A Mocking Bird-Prejudice To Kill A Mockingbird Prejudice has caused the pain and suffering of others for many centuries. Some examples of this include the Holocaust and slavery in the United States. In to Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee racism was the cause of much agony to the blacks of a segregated South. Along with blacks, other groups of people are judged unfairly just because of their difference from others. The prejudice and bigotry of society causes the victimization of people with differences. Some who are discriminated against are those who are born differently than the majority. One person that is treated unfairly is Calpurnia, as you can see when Aunt Alexandra tried to get Atticus to fire Calpurnia, because in her eyes, Calpurnia wasn't a good enough female role model (p.136). This is a prejudice action, because Calpurnia is as good as a role model as Aunt Alexandra, if not better. Aunt Alexandra is a bigot and doesn't see the character of Calpurnia, just the color of her skin. Another person who is treated like an inferior is Scout by her teacher, because she knew how to read. She discovered that I was literate and looked at me with more than faint distaste. (p.17). Scout is treated like it is her fault that she knows more than the average child did. She learned earlier than others so she gets punished unjustly. Tom Robinson is also one who is discriminated by a biased community. Tom is found guilty by the jury in his case against the Ewells (p.211). The guilty verdict is a direct result of a racist community. Tom was never given a fair chance in the trial, even though that the evidence was proving him innocent. People that are born differently often get mistreated and are discriminated against. Another group that is treated poorly in the society based on bigotry, are the people who have chosen to be different. One who chose to be different is Dolphus Raymond. He pretended to be drunk so no one gave him any trouble on the way that he lived his life (p.200). The way a person lives should be there own personal business. He has the right to live differently than others if he feels that is the way he wants to live. Another person that lives differently is Boo Radley. Boo stayed inside his house for a number of years without ever coming out to interact with others. He didn't want attention that would come from the rumors that were said about him. Stories were made up about him and he felt it was best for him to stay inside. The people who chose to be different took a risk of being made outcasts of the majority of the society. The final group that was made to feel different was the group that defended and protected the minorities and the wrongfully treated people. Atticus was a good example of one who defended the different by defending Tom Robinson in his case. Atticus had integrity that gave him the strength to endure the ridicule that arose from his decision to defend a black man in a segregated area. Atticus was threatened and his children were treated poorly by their peers, because he had the courage to stand up for the oppressed. Sheriff Tate defends the different when he says, I never heard tell that it's against the law for a citizen t do his utmost to prevent a crime from being committed, which is exactly what he did, but maybe you'll say it's my duty to tell the town all about it and not hush it up. (p.276). Sheriff Tate is trying to protect Boo from the attention that could frighten him. The sheriff is doing the right thing by hiding the truth from the community. By defending the different, people take a chance of being known as strange or inferiors to the rest of the people that they are around. Throughout the story, people that are unlike the majority, get hurt. They are given obstacles that they have to overcome in order to survive. Some people in the world can survive these obstacles, and there are some that just give up. By fighting for your rights, people start to realize that character is the important attribute to a person. To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee showed me that the people with differences are not always doing things the wrong way. It is the majority that may be going at it all wrong.

Ver Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples

Ver Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples The Spanish verb ver means to see or to watch. Its conjugation is mostly regular, although the pattern varies in the past participle, visto (seen), and the first-person singular present, veo (I see). Other verbs derived from ver, such as prever (to preview or to foresee) and entrever (to partly see or to suspect), follow the same conjugation pattern. A verb that is similar in meaning is mirar, which can be translated as to look. This article includes ver conjugations in the indicative mood (present, past, conditional and future), the subjunctive mood (present and past), the imperative mood, and other verb forms. Present Indicative The first person singular conjugation veo is slightly irregular. Normally we would remove the ending -er before adding the present tense ending -o, but in this case, the e in ver stays to produce veo. Yo veo Yo veo las noticias todos los dà ­as. I watch the news every day. Tà º ves Tà º ves a tu hija bailar. You watch your daughter dance. Usted/à ©l/ella ve Ella ve una pelà ­cula con su amiga. She watches a movie with her friend. Nosotros vemos Nosotros vemos a muchos pacientes en la clà ­nica. We see many patients at the clinic. Vosotros veis Vosotros veis a vuestra abuela frecuentemente. You see your grandmother frequently. Ustedes/ellos/ellas ven Ellos ven muchas cosas interesantes en el museo. They see many interesting things at the museum. Preterite Indicative The preterite is used to talk about completed events in the past. Yo vi Yo vi las noticias todos los dà ­as. I watched the news every day. Tà º viste Tà º viste a tu hija bailar. You watched your daughter dance. Usted/à ©l/ella vio Ella vio una pelà ­cula con su amiga. She watched a movie with her friend. Nosotros vimos Nosotros vimos a muchos pacientes en la clà ­nica. We saw many patients at the clinic. Vosotros visteis Vosotros visteis a vuestra abuela frecuentemente. You saw your grandma frequently. Ustedes/ellos/ellas vieron Ellos vieron muchas cosas interesantes en el museo. They saw many interesting things at the museum. Imperfect Indicative The imperfect is used to talk about ongoing or repeated actions in the past. It can be translated as was watching or used to watch. Yo veà ­a Yo veà ­a las noticias todos los dà ­as. I used to watch the news every day. Tà º veà ­as Tà º veà ­as a tu hija bailar. You used to watch your daughter dance. Usted/à ©l/ella veà ­a Ella veà ­a una pelà ­cula con su amiga. She used to watch a movie with her friend. Nosotros veà ­amos Nosotros veà ­amos a muchos pacientes en la clà ­nica. We used to see many patients at the clinic. Vosotros veà ­ais Vosotros veà ­ais a vuestra abuela frecuentemente. You used to see your grandma frequently. Ustedes/ellos/ellas veà ­an Ellos veà ­an muchas cosas interesantes en el museo. They used to see many interesting things at the museum. Future Indicative Yo verà © Yo verà © las noticias todos los dà ­as. I will watch the news every day. Tà º vers Tà º vers a tu hija bailar. You will watch your daughter dance. Usted/à ©l/ella ver Ella ver una pelà ­cula con su amiga. She will watch a movie with her friend. Nosotros veremos Nosotros veremos a muchos pacientes en la clà ­nica. We will see many patients at the clinic. Vosotros verà ©is Vosotros verà ©is a vuestra abuela frecuentemente. You will seeyour grandma frequently. Ustedes/ellos/ellas vern Ellos vern muchas cosas interesantes en el museo. They will see many interesting things at the museum. Periphrastic  Future Indicative   The periphrastic future is formed with three parts: the present tense conjugation of the verb ir (to go), the preposition a, and the infinitive of the verb. Yo voy a ver Yo voya ver las noticias todos los dà ­as. I am going to watch the news every day. Tà º vasa ver Tà º vasa ver a tu hija bailar. You aregoing to watch your daughter dance. Usted/à ©l/ella vaa ver Ella vaa ver una pelà ­cula con su amiga. She isgoing to watch a movie with her friend. Nosotros vamosa ver Nosotros vamosa ver a muchos pacientes en la clà ­nica. We aregoing to see many patients at the clinic. Vosotros vaisa ver Vosotros vaisa ver a vuestra abuela frecuentemente. You aregoing to seeyour grandma frequently. Ustedes/ellos/ellas vana ver Ellos vana ver muchas cosas interesantes en el museo. They aregoing to see many interesting things at the museum. Present Progressive/Gerund Form The progressive tenses use the verb estar with the gerund form viendo. Present Progressive ofVer est viendo Ella est viendo a su hija bailar. She is watching her daughter dance. Ver Past Participle The past participle is used to form perfect tenses like the present perfect. Usually the past participle of -er verbs is formed with the ending -ido, but ver is irregular since its past participle is visto. Present Perfect of Ver ha visto Ella ha visto a su hija bailar. She has watched her daughter dance. Ver Conditional Indicative The conditional tense is usually translated to English as would verb. Yo verà ­a Yo verà ­a las noticias todos los dà ­as si no me durmiera tan temprano. I would watch the news every day if I didn't fall asleep so early. Tà º verà ­as Tà º verà ­as a tu hija bailar si no estuvieras ocupada. You would watch your daughter dance if you were not busy. Usted/à ©l/ella verà ­a Ella verà ­a una pelà ­cula con su amiga, pero no se ponen de acuerdo en la pelà ­cula. She would watch a movie with her friend, but they don't agree on a movie. Nosotros verà ­amos Nosotros verà ­amos a muchos pacientes en la clà ­nica si tuvià ©ramos ms doctores. We would see many patients at the clinic if we had more doctors. Vosotros verà ­ais Vosotros verà ­ais a vuestra abuela frecuentemente si vivierais ms cerca. You would seeyour grandma frequently if you lived closer. Ustedes/ellos/ellas verà ­an Ellos verà ­an muchas cosas interesantes en el museo si tuvieran ms tiempo. They would see many interesting things at the museum if they had more time. Ver Present Subjunctive Que yo vea Mi profesor sugiere que yo vea las noticias todos los dà ­as. My professor suggests that I watch the news every day. Que tà º veas La instructora pide que tà º veas a tu hija bailar. The instructor asks that you watch your daughter dance. Que usted/à ©l/ella vea Carlos espera que ella vea una pelà ­cula con su amiga. Carlos hopes that she watches a movie with her friend. Que nosotros veamos El joven espera que nosotros veamos a muchos pacientes en la clà ­nica. The young man hopes that we see many patients at the clinic. Que vosotros veis Vuestra madre espera que vosotros veis a vuestra abuela frecuentemente. Your mother hopes that you see your grandmother frequently. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas vean Pedro recomienda que ellos vean muchas cosas interesantes en el museo. Pedro recommends that they see many interesting things at the museum. Ver Imperfect Subjunctive The imperfect subjunctive is used similarly to the present subjunctive, but in situations that happened in the past. There are two options for conjugating the imperfect subjunctive: Option 1 Que yo viera Mi profesor sugerà ­a que yo viera las noticias todos los dà ­as. My professor suggested that I watch the news every day. Que tà º vieras La instructora pedà ­a que tà º vieras a tu hija bailar. The instructor asked that you watch your daughter dance. Que usted/à ©l/ella viera Carlos esperaba que ella viera una pelà ­cula con su amiga. Carlos hoped that she watch a movie with her friend. Que nosotros vià ©ramos El joven esperaba que nosotros vià ©ramos a muchos pacientes en la clà ­nica. The young man hoped that we see many patients at the clinic. Que vosotros vierais Vuestra madre esperaba que vosotros vierais a vuestra abuela frecuentemente. Your mother hoped that you see your grandmother frequently. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas vieran Pedro recomendaba que ellos vieran muchas cosas interesantes en el museo. Pedro recommended that they see many interesting things at the museum. Option 2 Que yo viese Mi profesor sugerà ­a que yo viese las noticias todos los dà ­as. My professor suggested that I watch the news every day. Que tà º vieses La instructora pedà ­a que tà º vieses a tu hija bailar. The instructor asked that you watch your daughter dance. Que usted/à ©l/ella viese Carlos esperaba que ella viese una pelà ­cula con su amiga. Carlos hoped that she watch a movie with her friend. Que nosotros vià ©semos El joven esperaba que nosotros vià ©semos a muchos pacientes en la clà ­nica. The young man hoped that we see many patients at the clinic. Que vosotros vieseis Vuestra madre esperaba que vosotros vieseis a vuestra abuela frecuentemente. Your mother hoped that you see your grandmother frequently. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas viesen Pedro recomendaba que ellos viesen muchas cosas interesantes en el museo. Pedro recommended that they see many interesting things at the museum. Ver Imperative The imperative mood has both positive and negative forms, which are used to give commands. Positive Commands Tà º ve  ¡Ve a tu hija bailar! Watch your daughter dance! Usted vea  ¡Vea una pelà ­cula con su amiga! Watch a movie with your friend! Nosotros veamos  ¡Veamos a muchos pacientes en la clà ­nica! Let's see many patients at the clinic! Vosotros ved  ¡Ved a tu abuela frecuentemente! See your grandma frequently! Ustedes vean  ¡Vean muchas cosas interesantes en el museo! See many interesting things at the museum! Negative Commands Tà º no veas  ¡No veas a tu hija bailar! Don't watch your daughter dance! Usted no vea  ¡No vea una pelà ­cula con su amiga! Don't watch a movie with your friend! Nosotros no veamos  ¡No veamos a muchos pacientes en la clà ­nica! Let's not see many patients at the clinic! Vosotros no veis  ¡No veis a tu abuela frecuentemente! Don't see your grandma frequently! Ustedes no vean  ¡No vean muchas cosas interesantes en el museo! Don't see many interesting things at the museum!

Human Resource Management in Context Assignment - 1

Human Resource Management in Context - Assignment Example The significance of understanding the business environment in promoting employee retention, career advancement and job security has been highlighted. The advantages and practical difficulties with doing this as well as ways of overcoming these difficulties have been discussed, emphasizing on PESTEL analysis as a significant strategy that can assist HR professionals to understand the external business environment. 2.0 Introduction Human resource management is concerned with the advancement of human capital through a tactical and articulate approach to the management of workers, who are the most treasured assets that are considered to be the underpinning element in the accomplishment of the organizational goals. It involves empowering people to utilize their potential to the maximum in line with the organizational objectives. The activities in strategic human resource management entail measures for improving the workplace environment, recruitment, performance and reward management amon g other activities that enhance the productivity of employees. Businesses maintain competitiveness through inventiveness and uniqueness in their operations. In the contemporary operating environment they have been compelled to maintain continuous changes to cope with the political, economic, social and technological needs. This development has made it necessary for human resource professionals to assume the role of business partners. As such, they need to be aware of changes and development in the business environment in order to support the business. 3.0 Significance of Understanding the Business Environment 3.0.1 Changing Technology The constantly changing technological landscape requires regular upgrading of skills to ensure the business maintains a competent workforce. It is important for HR professionals to understand the technological changes and their impact on employee motivation and productivity. Employees need to be kept informed regarding the new developments in technolog y for them to be capable of effectively utilizing the emergent technology (Viswesvaran & Ones, 2000). Increased innovations in information technology have led human resource managers to encourage workers to acquire computer skills for greater productivity. It is important for HR professionals to encourage leaning in the work place. This is accomplished through training and development, especially when an organization operates in a dynamic environment where technological advancements are constantly occurring. The faster the organization grows, the more training it requires for employees to cope with the rapidly changing operating environment (William, 2004). Training and development allows employees to acquire essential knowledge that is important in the accomplishment of tasks in the workplace. The human resource management’s role is to ensure that employees are exposed to training opportunities. It is therefore important to maintain focused on any opportunities for employees to learn that may arise in the operating environment (Viswesvaran & Ones, 2000). The skills acquired from this kind of training allow the employees to understand the operating environment better and to be aware of the business goals as well as the practices that can lead to their successful accomplishment. Employees gain confidence in undertaking their tasks when they realize

- Assess the extent to which an Arab Winter followed, and was caused Assignment

- Assess the extent to which an Arab Winter followed, and was caused by, the Arab Spring - Assignment Example The Arab Spring was a misnomer that was motivated by wishful thinking. During the time of Arab Spring overthrowing of the authoritarian regimes gave democracy a chance to bloom. Not only that this movement had given many Islamist parties to advance their undemocratic agendas. While there was political instability in Middle East and West Africa many Islamist insurgents and terrorist groups got the opportunity to expand their influence (Scott, 2009). In such circumstances the Middle East became more hostile strategic environment where regional security, Western values including the US national interest was under severe threat. It was not possible for the United States to react with a difference to this situation. The popular rebellions that erupted in Egypt, Tunisia, Syria, and in other Arab countries during the so-called Arab Spring are works in progress that have caused various outcomes. Since America is not the policeman of the world it is not possible for America to govern the Middle East and instruct the people how they should live their lives. Washington, however, could do a better job to protect the US national interest and promote peace and prosperity in the Middle East(Bellin, 2012). The United States needs a comprehensive strategy to combat Islamist regimes that promote agendas counter to American interests and that suppress opportunities for political, religious, and economic freedom. The Arab Spring had steered an unprecedented political transformation, which devolved into a chaotic Islamist Winter in many Arab countries threatening the US national interest (Howard, et. al., 2011). Washington lost a key strategic partner when Egypt’s Mubarak regime was replaced by one dominated by the anti-Western Muslim Brotherhood. Allies in Jordan, Bahrain, Kuwait and Yemen now have to deal with challenges posed by Islamist-dominated

Reducing your carbon footprint Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reducing your carbon footprint - Research Paper Example The term itself, Carbon Footprint, has very little to do with drawings or the footsteps we make in the sand. In this case, the term is a metaphor for the way that our activities impact the resources of the planet. Carbon Footprints relate to the way we use the natural resources of the planet and how fast we use it. Therefore, a Carbon Footprint: â€Å"... is a shorthand to describe the best estimate that we can get of the full climate change impact of something. That something could be anything – an activity, an item, a lifestyle, a company, a country or even the whole world.† (Berners - Lee, Mike â€Å"What is a Carbon Footprint?†). Using this definition, it is easy to understand that we all participate in releasing carbon emissions and leaving our carbon footprints on the planet. Everything we do, from breathing to throwing away a piece of chewed up gum, has a direct effect on the health of the planet and our environment overall. That is why it is of the utmost importance that we learn to reduce our carbon footprints as we live our lifetime. Global warming is the method by which our planet is letting us know that it is ill. Since the signs of illness exist, it is up to us to cure it of the illness. Unlike human beings who can go to doctors for medication, our planet works differently. We are all its doctor. Our actions can either cure the illnes of make everything worse. According to Hayley Morris, founder and director of Impact Sustainability: Effective carbon management strategies along with corporate social responsibility provide us, as individuals and as businesses, with the foundation to ease that pressure and reduce the size of our carbon footprint that is stamping down on the tail of our beloved environment. Until recently as a society we have been coasting along the same old road, consuming every part of the environment we can possibly get our hands on without any regard for or awareness of the damage we may be doing to it (Morris , Hayley â€Å"reducing Carbon Footprint Benefits You and the Environment†). In other words, we are the cause of what is ailing the planet. By actively pursuing activities that increase carbon emissions into the air and decrease the planet's ability to reproduce our needed natural supplies such as food and chemicals for exygen creation, we are stifling the planet's ability to grow and nurture our existence on it. Climate change is a serious problem that is directly affected by the carbon footprint emissions that we make. In order to slow down or cure the problem, we must strive towards reducing these carbon footprint emissions as best as we can. For starters, we can do simple things such as unplugging appliances when not in use, using public transport or biking once or twice a week to reduce carbon monoxide in the air, buying energy efficient appliances, and properly insulating our homes for the cold months. By implementing these changes, we will find that reducing our carbon footprints also has positive outcomes for us as individuals. For example, opting to walk or take a bike ride rather than taking the car of public transport during short trips will increase our physical activity. This will lead to â€Å"reduced obesity and heart disease among the population while also providing our environment with reduced global CO2 emissions, small particle pollution, noise, and injuries. Another health related benefit of reduced carbon footprints is that by making better dietary choices, such as

Negative Externality: Pakistans Carbon Tax

Negative Externality: Pakistans Carbon Tax Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Answer 1 Answer 2 Answer 3 Conclusion References Introduction The assignment is based on the concept of negative externalities. A negative externality normally is a cost that is incurred to the third party as a result of an economic transaction. The assignment is based on the case study of Pakistan’s policy for implementing the carbon tax. This way the government of Pakistan has taken a positive step towards dealing with the negative externality – pollution and green house gas emission. Later the assignment covers the other steps that must be considered by the Pakistan government to deal with the problem ad reduce the impact of negative externalities. Answer 1 Negative Externalities: It can be defined as the action of products on consumers that has the negative impact on the third party. Negative externalities are mainly concerned with the environmental effects of producing and consuming a product (Laffont, 2008). The main examples of negative externalities are air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, systematic risk etc. A negative externality normally is a cost that is incurred to the third party as a result of an economic transaction. In this type of economic transaction, consumer and producer are the first and second party, and the third party is comprised of organization, individual, resource or property owner that get indirectly affected due to that transaction (Caplan, 2008). The negative externality is also known as external cost in economics. Some common negative externalities are: The smokers ignore the fact of the harmful impact of the passive smoking for the non smokers around them. Air pollution caused by the traffic impacts the lungs of the people who are not even travelling on the road The food wastage (Source: Buchanan, James, Externality.Economical) Negative externalities normally occur in the situations where property ownership of the assets and resources are not properly allocated and are uncertain. For instance, there is no owner of the oceans or the forests, so anybody can pollute them without any fear of getting sued by the owner. External cost like the cost of pollution makes the marginal social cost curve mush higher than the marginal private cost. (Source: Economicsonline.co.uk) Government Intervention to correct the negative Externalities: The environmental concerns are the most important challenge in front of government now days. They are taking up many steps to deal with the negative externalities and eradicate its harmful effects from the third party. The most common among them are the: Environmental tax: This is the most common approach of adjusting the negative externalities. This is also referred to as the â€Å"making of polluters day†. This tax increases the private tax of production or consumption with the aim of reducing the overall demand for the product that is causing the negative externality. For instance: money collected from the congestion charge of a vehicle that is entering a busy road. The environmental taxes include – the landfill tax, the congestion charges, vehicle excise duty and plastic bag tax. Problems with environmental taxes: Pollution tax has the following related problems: Assignment of the right level of taxation Consumer welfare effects Investment and employment consequences. Carbon Tax: Carbon tax refers to the tax that is imposed on the fuels’ carbon content (Holler, 1991). All the hydrocarbon fuel contains the carbon content in it like petroleum, natural gas and coal. They release the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere when they are burnt. Carbon taxes are formed to reduce the green house effects of gas emission through cost effective means (Gupta, 2007). . Carbon taxes are very regressive and impact the lower income group largely. The impact of carbon taxes can be addressed using the tax revenue for the lower income groups. The features of carbon tax are: This is a direct tax on the content of carbon in fossil fuel. It is considered as the most economical and efficient means for conveying the price signals that are crucial for reducing the carbon content It can be structured for softening the impact of the additional cost by distributing to the households. Carbon tax is supported by economists, public officials, environmental leaders and citizens. The carbon tax policies of government are significant for taking the global effort to fight the climatic changes. Pricing carbon is a positive step towards it. The government may interfere through the use of laws and regulations. For example, theHealth and Safety at Work Actcovers all public and private sector businesses. Local Councils can take action against noisy, unruly neighbors and can pass by-laws preventing the public consumption of alcohol. Answer 2 Case Study – Overview Pakistan has recently considered taxing the carbon emission from the big fossil fuel industry and reduces its negative impact on the world’s climate. This was declared in the national climate change strategy. They emphasize on the use of renewable resources. The government will â€Å"consider introducing carbon tax on the use of environmentally detrimental energy generation from fossil fuels†, said the plan, launched at an event in Islamabad. (Reuters Point Carbon) The Pakistan government in their policy announced the tax on carbon at the rate of Pakistani Rupee 25 per ton. It started from 1 July 2012 with the objective of changing the policy later to market based emission trading scheme (Gillard, 2010). Pakistani economy suffered slow-down due to the climatic changes. Climate change refers to situation that reflects the significant changes in the patters on weather conditions over the particular time period. Climate changes are caused by various factors such as solar radiation variations, biotic process and volcanic eruptions. The human activities are also responsible for the severe climatic changes that have lead to global warming (Edward Miller, 2001). These severe climatic changes have the adverse impact on the overall cycle of earth’s process. Evidence for recording the climate changes has been taken from various resources that were used to reconstruct the past climates. The changes have affected the entire world and Pakistan has f aced the significant economic impacts due to this. It has affected the infrastructure, coastal communities, and agriculture and water security in Pakistan. Carbon taxes are important for reducing the negative effects of carbon emission. Carbon taxes are formed to reduce the green house effects of gas emission through cost effective means . Carbon taxes are very regressive and impact the lower income group largely. The impact of carbon taxes can be addressed using the tax revenue for the lower income groups. These taxes provide the incentives for the firms that adopt the environment friendly approach for production process. These are also important for raising the money required for taking the initiatives to save environment. The impacts of carbon tax on the economy of Pakistan are as follows: Macro economics effects: Pakistan economy promotes the reduction in usage of carbon related energy resources for the industry purpose and switch towards the renewable energy resources. Carbon tax is the cost to the producers that use the carbon efficient energy resources. So in order to reduce the cost and increase the profit, it is important for them to shift towards the other renewable resources of energy. Carbon tax is important for reducing the tax as well as the negative impacts on the environment. (Source: Self Study) The left graphs clearly states that the tax will increase the cost of production and decrease the quantity of fuel energy. The will also lead to higher labour cost and also it will lead to increase in fuel prices. The right graph on the contrary shows the benefit of using the renewable resource of energy and increase in production level. So it is seen that carbon tax will impact the business negatively, but at the same time encourage them to use the renewable resources of energy that will have the long term positive impact on environment and business. Effects on employment: The carbon tax has the direct negative impact on the employment because it will lead to additional burden on the production cost. The trade sector will see the shift towards the non trading sector due to this. Effects on households: The household will experience the change in cost of the general commodities as the industries will include the cost of carbon tax in total cost of production. This will lead to negative impact and the household income will be reduced. Direct Action The government replaces the carbon tax with the direct action plan. The direct action plan includes the incentive program for the industries that reduce the carbon emission rate significantly (Preston, 2006). The key points of the policy are: Target of 55 reduction in carbon emission rate Scrapping the carbon tax and associated taxes Creation of green army for conducting the environment conservation work. The government released the white paper that has the details about the policy and the working of fund for emission reduction. The labor as well as the coalition supported this policy over the carbon tax. Contrary to the carbon taxes the policy emphasizes on gaining the incentives by reducing the carbon emission in environment. Policy also has the provision for compensation payment to tax payers for reducing the increase in prices. It directs the business to work towards the emission reducing projects. Pakistan is the largest contributor towards the green house gas emissions, so this policy will help the entire worlds by reducing the carbon emission without imposing any impact on the cost of production. The main feature of the direct action policy is creation of emission reduction fund, which will be $3 billion for four years. The fund will ask the industries to fill the tenders for the emission reduction projects. This will initiate the reverse auction and the industries will compete for reducing the emission rate to win the incentive from the government. The auctions will be held quarterly. The government is sure about the positive outcomes of the policy in terms of reduction in carbon emission. (Source: Self Study) The direct policy has the positive impact on the Pakistan economy. Pakistan actually has the capability of achieving more than the 5% target. Pakistan will achieve the emission reduction project by 2020 in more efficient way. It will contribute towards the global action for addressing the climate change. By reducing the emission amount the economic growth of the Pakistan is expected to be doubled in next few years. It will directly impact the long term projection of the economic growth. Since it has no cost attached to it, it will be beneficial for the business as well as the house hold income. Instead the policy rules of taking the advantage of incentive will direct the business house to reduce the carbon emission without any impact on the cost of production. It is estimated that Pakistan economy will grow by 17% with this project. (Source:Climate Change Authority, 2013) The level of the price attached to carbon with incentive plan will reduce the economic cost. There will be no cost passed to the customers in the form of goods and services. It will also regulate the direct income transfer from Pakistan for buying the additional emission from the overseas. This will also reduce the indirect cost. This will have the positive trade effect. Carbon Tax Vs Direct Action Carbon tax policy as well as the direct action policy aims towards the reduction of the carbon emission in the environment. The base is same but the approach is totally contradictory. The direct action is better than the carbon tax policy because of the below mentioned facts: Carbon tax has the cost attached to it which will in return increase the cost of production whereas the direct action has the incentive policy which encourages the industries to reduce the amount of carbon emission without any effect. Carbon tax will lead to reduction in employment opportunity due to increased labor cost whereas this will not occur in the case of direct action policy. The direct action policy has the better targets and objectives as compared to carbon taxing. The carbon tax will reduce the household income due to the increased prices of commodity whereas the direct action plan will not have the negative impact on the household income. Carbon taxing policy will lead to increase in fuel prices and the actual efficiency will be reduced whereas the direct action plan will increase the efficiency of the industry and the quality of production. The direct action policy has the clear targets in terms of reduction of carbon emission whereas it is missing in the carbon tax policy. For dealing with the negative externalities, the Government of Pakistan has taken a positive step in the form of Carbon tax. This will reduce the green house gas emission and promote the use of renewable resources. This was not only Pakistan but the climate of entire world will get the positive results. Pakistan is taking the considerable steps to reduce the carbon emission in the environment. This is because of the fact that the economy of Pakistan has suffered due to the large amount of green house gas emission. The government introduced the carbon tax and direct action policy for the reduction of carbon emission. The carbon tax policy does not get the enough success and the direct action plan replaced it successfully. By the year 2020 Pakistan is aiming at significant control over the carbon emission in the environment. Answer 3 The carbon tax is very unique in nature but it is quite effective for reducing the impact of negative externalities. The main purpose of carbon tax is to reduce the carbon dioxide emission and with this save the severe climatic changes. However this is noted that only the carbon tax cannot save the climatic change and reduce the impact of negative externalities. The Pakistan government should also make other policies to reduce the impact of carbon emission in the environment. For this purpose they must make the policies and regulation of reducing the coal usage in industry as it causes lots of pollution and also it is a non renewable resource of energy. The government should compulsorily regulate the use of renewable resources of energy that are natural and reduces the emission of green house gases. Carbon tax policy is quite cost effective for the Pakistan economy and it is quite easy to switch from the pollution taxes to direct subsidies and promotes the cleaner and greener production technologies. However the impact of these taxes totally depends on how this money is being used for the reducing the impact of negative externalities (Scott, 2005). They must be balanced by decreasing the amount of other taxes by the method of revenue recycling. The green taxes can actually help the overall economy of Pakistan provided it is used in the right direction and the taxes are imposed religiously to achieve the main objective behind them. In the nutshell, it can be said that imposing the carbon tax is a very progressive step of the Pakistan government. However along with this they should also consider the following for dealing with the negative externalities (Bonnieux, 2002): Preserving the tropical rain forests in Pakistan Limiting the public access to the farm land for their recreational purposes Preservation of wet land Following the traditional ways of farm building Implementing the price-based instruments alter the prices of goods and services to reflect their relative impact. Providing the grants to farmers under the Control of Farmyard Pollution Scheme Conclusion To conclude, negative externality is a type of economic transaction, consumer and producer are the first and second party, and the third party is comprised of organization, individual, resource or property owner that get indirectly affected due to that transaction. Pakistan Government has decided to impose the carbon tax for dealing with the situation of extreme pollution and green house gas emission through their fossil fuel industry. The level of the price attached to carbon with incentive plan will reduce the economic cost. There will be no cost passed to the customers in the form of goods and services. It will also regulate the direct income transfer from Pakistan for buying the additional emission from the overseas. Main purpose of carbon tax is to reduce the carbon dioxide emission and with this save the severe climatic changes. However this is noted that only the carbon tax cannot save the climatic change and reduce the impact of negative externalities. The Pakistan government should also make other policies to reduce the impact of carbon emission in the environment. References Bonnieux, F. and Rainelli, P.( 2002). Economics and the interface between agriculture and nature, in Brouwer, F. and Van der Straaten, J. eds, Nature and Agriculture in the European Union, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar ARTS 338.1094 P2. Caplan, Bryan(2008).Externalities. InDavid R. Henderson(ed.).Concise Encyclopedia of Economics(2nd ed.). Indianapolis:Library of Economics and Liberty.ISBN978-0865976658.OCLC237794267. Edwards, Paul Geoffrey; Miller, Clark A. (2001).Changing the atmosphere: expert knowledge and environmental governance. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.ISBN0-262-63219-5. Gupta, S.et al. (2007).13.2.1.2 Taxes and charges.Policies, instruments, and co-operative arrangements. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metzet al. Eds.). Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: IPCC website. Retrieved 2010-03-18. Hoeller, P. and M. Wallin (1991).OECD Economic Studies No. 17, Autumn 1991. Energy Prices, Taxes and Carbon Dioxide Emissions(PDF). OECD website. p.92. Retrieved 2010-04-23. J.J. Laffont(2008). externalities,The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Ed.Abstract. McKibben, Bill (2011). The Global Warming Reader. New York, N.Y.:OR Books.ISBN978-1-935928-36-2. Preston, B.L.; Jones, R.N. ( 2006).Climate Change Impacts on Australia and the Benefits of Early Action to Reduce Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Scott, S., (2005),Fertiliser Taxes Implementation Issues, Final Report, Wexford, Environmental Protection Agency. Williams, C. (1997) Environmental victims: Arguing the costs,Environmental Values, 6:3-30. Innovation and Managing Change: ExxonMobil Innovation and Managing Change: ExxonMobil Innovation and change are the most important concepts discuss in modern dynamic business environment. The development of technology and the increasing burning needs of the people have created a dynamic environment of which the corporations may not be able to survive unless they simultaneously change their strategies with those global environmental and technological changes. This report intends to provide a detailed discussion of the management of change within Exxon Mobil Corporation (EMC) which is one of the worlds largest publicly traded international oil and gas company, providing energy that helps underpin growing economies and improve living standards around the world. My discussion mainly covers three perspectives. First, I explain the factors influencing the EMCs innovation and change strategy and then, I evaluate the importance of change to EMC and the potential problems they face when EMC implementing the change. Finally, I evaluate the effectiveness of EMCs strategy for managing change within the organization. OVERVIEW OF THE COMPANY Exxon Mobil is the worlds largest publicly traded international oil and gas company. They hold an industry-leading inventory of global oil and gas resources. They are the worlds largest refiner and marketer of petroleum products. And their chemical company ranks among the worlds largest. However they are also a technology company, applying science and innovation to find better, safer and cleaner ways to deliver the energy the world needs. EMCs organizational structure is built on a concept of global businesses and is designed to allow Exxon Mobil to compete most effectively in the ever-changing and challenging worldwide energy industry. EMC operates facilities or markets products in most of the worlds countries and explore for oil and natural gas on six continents. Exxon Mobil uses innovation and technology to deliver energy to a growing world. They explore for, produce and sell crude oil, natural gas and petroleum products. They are committed to meeting the worlds growing demand for energy in an economically, environmentally and socially responsible manner. Therefore innovation and change strategy of EMC would be the most significant factor for the future business expansion. FACTORS INFLUENCING INNOVATION AND CHANGE Factors influencing the innovation and change differ according to the business context of the organization. For example if a particular company is engaged in energy industry they may highly concern about environmental factors whatever the change they need. Because the environment has a major impact on all the product and services portfolio of EMC. Therefore it is more important to understand the context of business of which a particular corporation is engaged in before moving into a changing situation. In addition modern technological advances, cultural changes, structure of the corporation and regulatory requirements also can be identified as other factors to consider. However, there is also a need to understand the magnitude of challenge faced in trying to effect strategic change. To do this it is useful to consider the type of change required , the wider context in which the change is to occur and the specific to change that exists Following main factors can be considered as the i nfluencing factors of change. The context There is no one right formula for management of change. The success of any attempt at managing change will be dependent on the wider context in which that change is taking place. For an example managing in a small, perhaps relatively new business where a motivated team are themselves driving change, would be quite different from trying to manage change in a major corporation, or perhaps a long established public sector organization, with establish routine, formal structures and perhaps great deal of resistance to change. The contexts are completely different and the approach to managing change therefore needs to be different. [Balogan and Hope Hailey] Balogan and Hope Hailey build on this point to highlight a number of important contextual features that need to be taken into account in designing change programs. See above exhibit. It reflects few examples of contextual features and their influence on strategic change programs. The time available for change could be dramatically different. When consider EMC for example there may be new enactments from the governments for usage of energy resources and exploring energy resources. Or there may be a new alternative for fuel such as water. Then EMC need to have a rapid change. So there is no more time to waste. However there may be corporate decision and management plans for change. The management of EMC may have targeted at a kind of a change with the future forces. That can be taken a along time arena to change. No matter how significant the change, it may be that there is a need for the preservation of certain aspects of the organization, in particular those that are to do with the competences which changes need to be based. For EMC it is necessary to concern the environmental factors whatever the change they expect to see. And also there may be some competent employees and professionals to be retained in the corporation. Change may be helped if there is a diversity of experience, views and opinions within an organization. EMC has expanded their operations in six continents. So the diversity is higher than any other organization. Therefore EMC has to consider different needs of the diversified stakeholders in all over the world. The previous experience of change is also important. Therefore capability also plays an important role in change management process. EMC has demonstrated their capability in managing change with the current successful business portfolio. Capacity of the organization is also important to survive with the available resources. If a corporation has problems of lack of required resources the change will cause for a business failure. EMC has sufficient resources in all over the world. The current stage of the business life cycle in EMC has paved the way for this. The readiness of EMC is good. The management has understood the need for change. They have established them into their budgets. EMC has announced the expected change and the innovative expectation in there news article of A view to 2030. The power to change in EMC also is in a good position. The board of director consists of 11 directors of which 10 of the 11 directors on board are independent. CEO has 4 vice presidents for the decision making. Therefore EMC should understand from where the resistance is effect i.e. from top level or lower level. EMC is currently engaged in various activities such as production, exploration, refining, fuel marketing, natural gas and power marketing etc. And also it is global firm operates in six contingents with billions of employees around the world. Therefore when concern the business context of EMC it is much complex in nature. In addition the industry also is highly volatile with the development of the technology would also be significant to EMC. Culture As EMC operates in six continents this factor is highly an effect to the innovation and change strategy of EMC. EMC has to manage the stakeholders such as customers, suppliers and employees etc. in different contexts. Therefore there is a significant impact on the innovation and management strategy in order to create proper change management process. The cultural web provides a good basis of understanding the effects of cultural changes to any organization. It is a representation of the taken for granted assumptions or paradigm of an organization and the physical manifestations of organizational culture. (See below exhibit.) [Gerry Johnson Managing the strategic Change] Above all the factors are the parts of the organization culture. When consider the EMC the culture is the most significant factor as it operates in globally. Therefore it is necessary to consider the cultural changes and their effects to the modern business arena for EMC. The cultural web also can be used as a way of understanding current organizational culture and desired future culture for EMC. Environment The environment is the most significant factor influence to any corporation to their innovation and change strategy. The concepts such as environment protection, sustainable development etc. has created the concerns of various regulators to control the organizations. The nature of the business portfolio of EMC is highly linked with the environment. They explore in environment, mining and extracting from environment and finally the consumption of energy also releases the polluted air to the environment. Therefore EMC has to be highly concern about the environmental factors when they determine their changing strategies. Technology The technology is also a significant factor for the innovation and change strategy of EMC. The development of the modern technology has created a massive cost benefit opportunities to EMC. For example the mining machines can produce more efficiency than the laborers. In addition different technological developments have increasingly changed the research and development perspective of EMC. THE IMPORTANCE OF CHANGE TO EXXON MOBIL It is important to any organization to realize the need of change. The strategic change is considered at the initiation of the business portfolio and it should be evaluated by time to time ongoing basis. Change can be in any context. Therefore it is important to understand why EMC needs the change. By nature EMC engaged in energy industry. The crude oil prices and the regulatory requirements of government in different countries and the authorities may change time to time. Those external forces of change can not be predicted and also effect to whole organization. As EMC operates in diversified cultures around the world the effects of the stakeholders in different arenas are also may be demanded for change. Past experiences of change management in EMC has proved that the growth of the company depends on how quickly the company finds the innovative products. The technological advancement in modern world has changed the way of research and development. The technology has facilitated a lot for improving productivity in R D sections. Therefore EMC should be highly concern regarding the future advancements to the industry and there effect on EMC. There may be alternative substitutes in future and also there may be newer technologies for exploration, mining and other activities in the industry. Therefore change is very important to EMC. PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING THE CHANGE However, even though the change is the most important thing to EMC there are several potential problems they have to be faced when they implement the change. The complexity of the geographical area is the major problem. In here EMC has to determine change strategy in order to line with the cultures, regulatory requirements and needs of the people in those countries. Some times there can be higher resistance from the above forces when we implement the change. Managing the risks from increases in global greenhouse gas emissions is an important concern for EMC, industry and governments around the world. Kurt Levins forcefield analysis provides an initial view of change problem that need to be tackled, by identifying forces for and against change. It helps to identify the driving forces and restraining forces to a particular change situation. EFFECTIVENESS OF MANAGING THE CHANGE WITHIN THE ORGANISATION The effectiveness of managing the change is depending on how management, employees and finally the organization as a whole face to the change event. In here it is most important to understand the styles and roles of change in a particular organization. Whoever is in the position of managing change needs to consider the style of management they adopt. According to the organizational context different styles are likely to be more or less appropriate. Education and communication This involves the explanation of the reasons for and means of strategic change. It might be appropriate if there is a problem in managing change based on misinformation or lack of information and if there is adequate time to invest in persuading people and give them the chance to assimilate the information. However there are problems here. Assuming that reasoned argument will overcome perhaps years of embedded assumptions about what really matters could be native specially if there is a lack of mutual trust and respect of between management and employees. Relying on processes of communication in a top down fashion may also be problematic. Change is likely to be more effective if those affected it are involved in its development and planning. This is what EMC is doing. They give the opportunity to management and employees to contribute to the change event. EMC has long term focus on their change strategy. They have taken several measures to create educated environment within the organization. EMC has continued investing heavily in math and science education in the United States. They supported initiatives that encourage students to take an active interest in careers in the math and science fields, encourage the professional development of highly qualified teachers and promote involvement of women and minorities in these subjects. Exxon Mobil has a long history of supporting and improving educational programs as an important business priority. There is a separate teachers academy for EMC to develop quality people. EMC communicates using news releases and gives the employees the opportunity to view them. Collaboration This is the method of participating in the change process is the involvement of those who will be affected by strategic change in the change agenda. For example the identification of strategic issues, the strategic decision making process, the setting of priorities and the implementing the changing event is done by the lower level. In EMC those all the parties are the contributors of the change. Its like a routine aspect but finally top level management can achieve the expected change event. Therefore the collaboration has become a way of building readiness, and capability for change. EMC has effectively collaborated with the people in order to create current expanded business portfolio in all over the world. Intervention and Direction Intervention is the coordination of and authority over processes of change by a change agent. Direction involves the use of personal managerial authority to establish a clear future strategy and how change will occur. It is essentially top down management of strategic change. It may be associated with a clear vision or strategic intent developed by someone seen as a leader in the organization. EMC has the motto of taking on the worlds toughest energy challenges. Therefore it can be understood the direction of the management for the strategic change. Coercion In its most extreme form, a directive style becomes coercion involving the imposition of change or the issuing of edicts about change. This is the explicit use of power and may be necessary if EMC is facing a crisis or a conflict of change. However it should be noted that the management change in EMC by using above techniques may be effected by the factors such as capability, time and scope of change, power structure of EMC, capacity to change etc. When it comes to consider strategic change, there is too often an overemphasis on individuals at the top of an organization. It is useful to think of change agency more broadly. Change agent is the individual or group that helps effect strategic change within an organization. When consider the top level management EMC has a number of change agent within the organization with massive experience. There are highly qualified CEO and four vise presidents for the decision making. Rex w. Tellerson Chairman and Chief Executive Officer a native of Wichita Falls, Texas, Mr. Tillerson earned a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin before joining Exxon Company, U.S.A. in 1975 as a Production Engineer. Senior Vice President Mr. Mark Alberts born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and raised in Texas, Mr. Albers joined the company in 1979 and holds a bachelors degree in petroleum engineering from Texas AM University. Mr. Michel J Dolan Senior Vice President joined Mobil Oil Corporation in 1980 at the Paulsboro, New Jersey, and research laboratory. Over the next 13 years, he worked in a variety of engineering and managerial positions supporting Mobils worldwide refineries. Andrew P. Swiger is senior vice president of Exxon Mobil Corporation and a member of the corporations Management Committee. Throughout his career, Mr. Swiger has held a variety of techn ical and managerial positions in production, operations, engineering, planning and gas and power marketing. He joined the company in 1978 as an operations engineer in Morgan City, La., eventually progressing through a series of upstream staff and managerial assignments in Africa, Europe and North America. Donald D Humpheyars Senior Vice President and Treasurer a native of Tulsa, Oklahoma, Mr. Humphreys earned a Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering and Management from Oklahoma State University in 1971. He served in the U.S. Army from 1972-1974. He obtained an M.B.A. from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania before joining Exxon Chemical Company in 1976. In 1986, after several assignments in Houston, Baton Rouge and Baytown, he transferred to Exxon Corporation in New York as Senior Financial Advisor in the Controllers Department. In 1988, he moved to Exxon Company, International as Financial Reporting Manager and later served as General Auditor. In 1990, Humph reys became Upstream Controller of Exxon Company, U.S.A. SUMMARY Innovation and change are the most important concepts discuss in modern dynamic business environment. The development of technology and the increasing burning needs of the people have created a dynamic environment of which the corporations may not be able to survive unless they simultaneously change their strategies with those global environmental and technological changes. Exxon Mobil is the worlds largest publicly traded international oil and gas company. They hold an industry-leading inventory of global oil and gas resources. They are the worlds largest refiner and marketer of petroleum products. And their chemical company ranks among the worlds largest. However they are also a technology company, applying science and innovation to find better, safer and cleaner ways to deliver the energy the world needs. Factors influencing the innovation and change differ according to the business context of the organization. Therefore it is more important to understand the context of business of which a particular corporation is engaged in before moving into a changing situation. In addition modern technological advances, cultural changes, structure of the corporation and regulatory requirements also can be identified as other factors to consider. However, there is also a need to understand the magnitude of challenge faced in trying to effect strategic change. To do this it is useful to consider the type of change required the wider context in which the change is to occur and the specific to change that exists. The factors such as context, culture, environment and technology are the most important. It is important to any organization to realize the need of change. The strategic change is considered at the initiation of the business portfolio and it should be evaluated by time to time ongoing basis. Change can be in any context. Therefore it is important to understand why EMC needs the change. By nature EMC engaged in energy industry. The crude oil prices and the regulatory requirements of government in different countries and the authorities may change time to time. Those external forces of change can not be predicted and also effect to whole organization. As EMC operates in diversified cultures around the world the effects of the stakeholders in different arenas are also may be demanded for change. Past experiences of change management in EMC has proved that the growth of the company depends on how quickly the company finds the innovative products. The technological advancement in modern world has changed the way of research and development. The technology has facilitated a lot for improving productivity in R D sections. The complexity of the geographical area is the major problem. Managing the risks from increase in global greenhouse gas emissions is a problem of EMC to consider. Forcefield analysis can be used as a good technique. The effectiveness of managing the change is depending on how management, employees and finally the organization as a whole face to the change event. In here it is most important to understand the styles and roles of change in a particular organization. Education and communication, Collaboration, Intervention and Direction, Coercion can be considered as factors affecting the effectiveness of the change within the organization. It is useful to think of change agency more broadly. Change agent is the individual or group that helps effect strategic change within an organization. When consider the top level management EMC has a number of change agent within the organization with massive experience.

American History :: essays research papers fc

â€Å"The very purpose of a Bill of Rights was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy, to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts. One’s right to life, liberty, and property, to free speech, a free press, freedom of worship and assembly, and other fundamental rights may not be submitted to vote; they depend on the outcome of no elections.† — Supreme Court Justice Robert Jackson The First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects the right to freedom of religion and freedom of expression from government interference into public affairs. Freedom of expression consists of the rights to freedom of speech, press, assembly and to petition the government for a redress of grievances, and the implied rights of association and belief. The Court has interpreted the First Amendment to apply to the entire federal government even though it’s only supposed to be applied to the Congress. The First Amendment was written because at America's beginning, citizens ordered to have a guarantee of their basic freedoms. Without the First Amendment, religious minorities could be persecuted, the government might well establish a national religion, protesters could be silenced, the press could not criticize government, and citizens couldn’t assemble for social change. Most people believe in the right to free speech, but debate whether it should cover flag-burning, hard-core rap and heavy-metal lyrics, tobacco advertising, hate speech, pornography, nude dancing, solicitation and various forms of symbolic speech; though many would agree to limiting some forms of free expression. A Phrase that is often used to describe expression that is combined with elements of conduct is â€Å"Symbolic Expression†. The Supreme Court has dealt with a series of cases and has made it clear that symbolic expression or expressive conduct may be protected by the First Amendment. There have been a plethora of cases on this issue and they have been extremely controversial. One remarkable one was Texas vs. Johnson in 1984 during a Republican National Convention; it was about a man who expressed his displeasure with the United States by burning an American Flag. This action of his took Gregory Johnson to court and the court came to a conclusion that burning the flag was â€Å"speech† and again determined that Johnson was only trying to send out a message through his perspective by the burning the flag.

“Jane Eyre” as a bildungsroman novel Essay

Bildungsroman is a novel genre that narrates a hero or heroine’s process of psychological maturation and focuses on experiences and changes that accompanies the growth of the character from youth to adulthood. â€Å"The term â€Å"Bildungsroman† was introduced to the critical vocabulary by the German philosopher and sociologist Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1941), who first employed it in an 1870 biography of Friedrich Schleiermacher and then popularized it with the success of his 1906 study Poetry and Experience† (Boes 231). To be a Bildungsroman, the hero or heroine in a novel will experience certain forms of pain or loss that pulls him or her away from either family or home and into the journey of desiring self-identity. At the end of the story the hero or heroine finally succeeds in the society. The plot of Jane Eyre, written by Charlotte Brontà «, generally follows this form. The growth of the main character, Jane Eyre, is distinctively divided into phases by places that she stayed at, starting from her tragic childhood to her final destination as Mr. Rochester’s mistress. The changes of emotions and maturation of identities as Jane Eyre goes through her life provide evidence of a Bildungsroman. Through the novel, Jane Eyre grows up, moving from a radical stage to â€Å"a more pragmatic consciousness† (Mickelsen 418). Psychological maturation is a typical trait of Bildungsroman genre. At the beginning, Jane uses the knowledge she learns from the books to defend herself when she is angry: â€Å"‘you are like a murderer – you are like a slave-driver – you are like the Roman emperors!'† (Brontà « 8). Her angry and chaotic emotions have built up since she lost her parents and was adopted unwillingly by Mrs. Reed. Jane cannot find her place in this family. Her anger and desperation becomes more intense each time Mrs. Reed’s family treats her not as a family member but more like a servant. Jane’s burst of emotions against her cousin, John, resulted in her being locked ino the red-room and eventually sent to the Lowood School, where she spends the rest of her childhood and the beginning of her adolescence. When Jane is again treated unfairly and libelled by Mr. Brocklehurst, through the support of her patient friend Helen Burns, and kind-hearted Miss Temple, she is able to release her indignation. Jane Eyre experiences a huge emotional transition when she no longer feels like a wanderer but gains a sense of belonging through the care of Miss Temple and  the support of Helen. After Jane finishes her education at Lowood, she applies and becomes the governess of Adele where she will work at Thornfield. At Thornfield, Jane meets Mr. Rochester and experiences the most powerful emotion – love. Love makes Jane brave and mature. Her relationship with Mr. Rochester makes her fell confused but respected. She feels psychologically equal with Mr. Rochester when he admits how much he loves her. However, Jane still feels insignificant that she has to depend on Mr. Rochester. The strong emotional conflict between love and shame makes Jane run away from Thornfield and go to Marsh End where she meets St. John. The final emotionally transitional state for Jane Eyre happened when St. John asked her to marry him and go to India to serve as a missionary. Jane strongly refused St. John’s proposal and decided to follow her heart and marry her lover, Mr. Rochester. The story concludes when, Jane Eyre, who is a successful Bildungsroman character, finishes her emotional maturation process. Another significant feature of Bildungsroman is that the character will go through a series of challenges and changes in order to finally achieve complete self-actualization. Jane Eyre undergoes a period which she was called â€Å"a mad cat†, or titled â€Å"less than a servant† in Mrs. Reed’s house (Brontà « 9). Deep in her mind, Janestrongly refuses these names; therefore she often hides and reads books in order to educate herself [rep] in order and build up her inner-self. In constructing a sense of inner self, Jane is able to differentiate her identity from the rest of Mrs. Reed’s family members. Jane has similar experience at Lowood School where she is incorrectly labelled â€Å"an interloper and an alien† and also harshly, â€Å"a liar† (Brontà « 56). However, Miss Temple and Helen trust Jane which allows Jane to rebuild her point of view and establish new identity. In Jane’s life, they were the first to acknowledge Janeâ€℠¢s unique identity. Under Miss Temple’s protection and guidance, Jane completes her education at Lowood; however, Jane lives more like a shadow of Miss Temple. Jane then later became the governess of Adele in order to break away the image of Miss Temple and create her own. There in Thornfield, she continues to educate herself by painting and reading to build up the real Jane Eyre identity. When Mr. Rochester asks Jane to marry him and gives e her the title of â€Å"Mrs.  Rochester†, [p_voice] it stunned Jane that she will no longer be â€Å"Jane Eyre† but under the name of â€Å"Rochester†. Losing her self-identity frightened Jane and the shadow of class differences and unfairness from her childhood experience affected her and made her leave Mr. Rochester. Later in the story, Jane finds her relatives in Marsh End and sheinherits a considerable amount of money, which makes herreconnect to family. Moreover, her newfound wealth makes her economically independent; these conditions eliminate Jane’s self-contempt and complete her desired image as an independent woman in society. At the end of the story, she choses to give up her independence and reunite with Mr. Rochester. â€Å"Indeed, Bildungsromane typically conclude with the protagonist making some choice, thereby confirming that the protagonist has achieved a coherent self† The story of Jane Eyre starts from her helpless childhood until â€Å"the last step of [her] maturity when [she] finally finds self-knowledge (â€Å"she† in the original source is â€Å"he† for it was referring to hero)† (Kern 6). After all Jane has experienced, from an adopted orphan to a gentlemen’s mistress, she finally comes to a successful and independent state which she can make her own decision and will not be restricted by anything. The various challenges during Jane’s growing process that educate and change her emotions and identities align with the basic definition of a Bildungsroman genre. Although the story of Jane Eyre falls into a fairy tale ending, the novel Jane Eyre functions as a Bildungsroman.

Personal Identify and Self

Personal Identify and Self In the novella The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Leo Tolstoy explores the experiences of a person who has to re-evaluate his entire life and his relations with other people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Identify and Self-Reflection in The Death of Ivan Ilyich specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The protagonist is confronted the fact of his inevitable death, and this awareness prompts him to reflect on his identity as well his value for others. To a great extent, the narrative helps the author to portray the self-discovery of the main character. In particular, Ivan Ilyich cherishes an illusion that he is a successful person who has achieved happiness; however, his terminal illness makes him see his shallowness and lack of empathy which is critical for the happiness of a human being. These are the main questions that should be examined in greater detail. They can be viewed as the central themes examined by Tolstoy in this literary work. It should be noted that at the beginning of the novella, Leo Tolstoy describes people’s reaction to the death of the protagonist. For instance, Ivan Ilyich’s colleagues, who purport to be his friends, think only about their promotion, especially the opportunity to occupy the post held by the protagonist (Tolstoy unpaged). They have no concern for the wellbeing of his relatives. Furthermore, his wife feels relief because she was too tired of Ivan Ilyich’s screams. This is one of the details can attract the attention of the reader.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By examining the behavior of various characters, the author demonstrates that other people were not emotionally attached to the protagonist. This is one of the main arguments that can be made. Later, the author looks directly at the experiences of the main character . He perceives himself as an â€Å"intelligent polished, lively and agreeable man† (Tolstoy unpaged). On the whole, he believes that his life has been quite successful. It seems to him that he has fulfilled his talents. According to the social standards of the nineteenth century, Ivan Ilyich could even be perceived as a role model for others. This is one of the main issues that can be identified. On the whole, Tolstoy shows that up to a certain moment, the main character remains fully satisfied with his himself. Nevertheless, his terminal illness forces him to reassess his worldview. To a great extent, the narrative shows that the protagonist led a very shallow life; in particular, he only â€Å"amused himself pleasantly and decorously† (Tolstoy unpaged). Moreover, the protagonist understands that he never paid attention to the inner qualities of other people. For example, his wife proves to be an ill-tempered person who does not care about the needs of other people. T he main character is astounded by her callousness at the time when he urgently needs her compassion. Similarly, his so-called friends pay little attention to his misfortunes. Overall, these details show how Ivan Ilyich looks at his past behavior as well as values which turn out to be false. This is one of the main details that should be considered.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Identify and Self-Reflection in The Death of Ivan Ilyich specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, in the course of the story, Ivan Ilyich comes to the conclusion that his life has been artificial because it lacked such an element as empathy for other people. In the past, he did not feel the need for empathy and this is why he underestimated its value. However, he can better appreciate this quality when he notices that people, who surround him, lack this ability to put themselves in the position of others. There are only two excep tions; in particular, one should speak about his servant Gerasim and his son who try to help Ivan Ilyich. In contrast, other people perceive his suffering as an inconvenience. This is one of the details produces an indelible impression on the main character who is firmly convinced that his wellbeing is vital for other people. Leo Tolstoy shows how a single event can prompt a person to look more closely at one’s self-identity. Ivan Ilyich perceives himself as a successful individual who has achieved every possible goal. Nevertheless, he eventually discovers that he has been a shallow person who failed to bring any value into the lives of others. Moreover, many of his beliefs prove to be erroneous, especially the conviction that he was a successful person. This is one of the reasons why he is so afraid of his mortality. So, Ivan Ilyich’s self-reflection makes him look at many things from a different perspective. Overall, the narrative of this novella is a powerful tool f or describing the inner world of the protagonist and his subsequent transformation. The non-linear plot of the story helps Tolstoy to depict the way in which people respond to the death of Ivan Ilyich.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, this approach is important for describing the way in which the main character looks at his self-identity, his achievements, and values. The protagonist is forced to change his worldviews and values because he is put in a situation when his principles do not work. He discovers that compassion is vital for the wellbeing of a person, and this is one of the things that he lacks. Tolstoy, Leo. The Death of Ivan Ilyich. n. d. Web.

Free Essays on Alexander Dumas

ALEXANDER DUMAS, the Younger, ranks as one of the three leading French dramatists of the last quarter of the 19th century. Although the theme of illicit love has always played an important part on the French stage, Dumas' obsession with the subject amounted almost to a mania. Eleven plays written before 1880 all have illicit love as the motif. Yet Dumas liked to regard himself as a moralist and teacher, a position that seems somewhat contradictory. Perhaps a psychiatrist would find in the fact that he, like his father, was an illegitimate child, an explanation of his harping so constantly on the single theme. The torment of his school days when he was constantly taunted with his illegitimacy succeeded to a Bohemian comradeship with the father, who had publicly acknowledged his son as soon as his own literary reputation was sufficiently established to bring in a dependable income. This life eventually landed Dumas, fils, in debt to the tune of 50,000 francs. Finally, when only his pen stood between himself and disgrace, he brought forth in 1948 the famous Lady of the Camellias (or Camille), first as a novel, then in a dramatic version. This drama, however, had to wait three years before it was finally produced in 1852. It took for its subject the sorrows of "the professional light sister," a type of play of which hugo’s Marian Delorme was one of the earliest representatives. Its immediate and enthusiastic reception seemed to indicate that the public was ready and waiting to sympathize with that particular type of heroine. Dumas' second play, Diana de Lys, had the same subject as the first. His third play, Le Demi-monde, which appeared in 1855, is rated as the best of all his dramatic works. Some critics go so far as to regard it as the model of 19th century comedy. This play varies the theme of the first two somewhat by depicting the attempts of a clever but socially discredited woman to reestablish herself in respectable society. F... Free Essays on Alexander Dumas Free Essays on Alexander Dumas ALEXANDER DUMAS, the Younger, ranks as one of the three leading French dramatists of the last quarter of the 19th century. Although the theme of illicit love has always played an important part on the French stage, Dumas' obsession with the subject amounted almost to a mania. Eleven plays written before 1880 all have illicit love as the motif. Yet Dumas liked to regard himself as a moralist and teacher, a position that seems somewhat contradictory. Perhaps a psychiatrist would find in the fact that he, like his father, was an illegitimate child, an explanation of his harping so constantly on the single theme. The torment of his school days when he was constantly taunted with his illegitimacy succeeded to a Bohemian comradeship with the father, who had publicly acknowledged his son as soon as his own literary reputation was sufficiently established to bring in a dependable income. This life eventually landed Dumas, fils, in debt to the tune of 50,000 francs. Finally, when only his pen stood between himself and disgrace, he brought forth in 1948 the famous Lady of the Camellias (or Camille), first as a novel, then in a dramatic version. This drama, however, had to wait three years before it was finally produced in 1852. It took for its subject the sorrows of "the professional light sister," a type of play of which hugo’s Marian Delorme was one of the earliest representatives. Its immediate and enthusiastic reception seemed to indicate that the public was ready and waiting to sympathize with that particular type of heroine. Dumas' second play, Diana de Lys, had the same subject as the first. His third play, Le Demi-monde, which appeared in 1855, is rated as the best of all his dramatic works. Some critics go so far as to regard it as the model of 19th century comedy. This play varies the theme of the first two somewhat by depicting the attempts of a clever but socially discredited woman to reestablish herself in respectable society. F...

Personal Response Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal Response Journal - Essay Example I was aware and forewarned about this that I planned strategies and developed ways to, if not control, guide the students towards more positive outcomes in school. So instead of getting affected with all the instigations, I dwelt on the more important things, like preparing to make my classes more interesting so the students' attention and energy would focus more on the fun and enjoyment of their woodwork activities. Aside from handling woodwork classes in grades 10 and 7, I handled classes of grades 4 and 5. Teaching younger students is quite a new experience for me since I have always handled higher grade students. I did some innovations particularly on the tools to be used and the projects that would suit their age. I did not expect though that I had to do more than the usual preparations and adjustments because younger kids would behave unpredictably in class. I was quite uncomfortable during the first week. On the orientation on the basic hand tools, I found myself rushing to some students who were quite reckless in the handling of the tools. I realized that safety had to be given a lot of stress when teaching younger students. Safety is a major concern in teaching woodwork. The young students were a big challenge, unexpectedly. I was glad and lucky enough that the sessions ended without encountering major problems and accidents. Because of this, I intended to re-do some parts of my orientation in the following week and program myself to be able to closely supervise each student and their ability to cope with the instructions. There had to be a lot of value inputs in these sessions, particularly on the consequences of reckless behaviour. I would show pictures of children with cut fingernails or wounds caused by poor practice of safety in the workshops. The visual experience would be needed so the value of safety would stick in their system. This stage of development of children, particularly those aging 10 and 11 is very critical. Jean Piaget's development theory did stress that children, particularly this group, would have difficulty understanding abstract ideas. I realized that it was really important to support my teaching with sufficient visual aids and more examples, demonstrations and illustrations so that the students will clearly understand, more particularly when discussing the safety issues of woodworking. Recognising the importance of safety in my woodworking classes, I decided to conduct a safety test on the tools and machines that will be used in the projects, hand tools for all and for the 7th and 10 graders, they will be able to progress to the power tools only if they pass the test. The school had the tools available like jointer, table saw, planer and cut-off saw for precision and miters, band saw, sanders, routers, drills and finishing equipment. As the sessions introduce the tools and equipment, the students are given the test. The strategy for this safety test is to determine the students who are responsible enough to practice safety applying the tips that will be included in the briefings. The students who will not pass will have to retake the tests until such time they will pass and they will not be permitted to the next level workshop activities. Holistic Approach My objectives in teaching woodworking were not only geared towards the development of

Contract Performance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Contract Performance - Research Paper Example Two bids were received, one by the Alabama Laundry and Linen supply and the other by Tennessee Valley Laundry and dry cleaners; however, the Tennessee bid was cheaper. Alabama Laundry management filed a protest, which alleged that Tennessee Laundry was inexperienced, and therefore it should have been declared non-responsible. The law concerning performance contracts required that a bid be given to a responsible contractor; who should have achieved a satisfactory performance in his previous contracts. Alabama Laundry further alleged that Tennessee Laundry’s past performance was unsatisfactory; therefore, the contract should have been terminated. Thirdly, Tennessee Laundry was accused of violating the law by not inspecting the site of performance. Therefore, the protestor argued that the award granted to Tennessee should be granted to Alabama Laundry. However, these allegations were found baseless without evidence; Tennessee Laundry was therefore given a go ahead in their contra ct and the protest was dismissed, since Tennessee Laundry was found to be responsible. Regulatory provisions (FAR) pertaining to contract performance in general The federal acquisition regulation (FAR) provides the requirements pertaining to contract performance; bidders have the right to compete for the contract equally. This is referred to as sealed bidding acquisition, whereby, the lowest bidder and responsive bidder get the award. FAR law prohibits any restrictions that limit the number of bidders. Once the bids are read, those that do not meet the requirements are rejected; nevertheless, FAR requires the contractor to have sufficient resources to perform the contract. Secondly, the contractor must be capable of complying with the performance schedule. Thirdly, the company should have a history of satisfactory performance from its previous jobs. Business Ethics are also considered an important factor. Further, FAR requires the contractor to have quality and effective skills. The refore, if the bidder meets all the above requirements, he is at an advantage of receiving an award (Vacketta, 1999 Para 4). In addition, apart from sealed bidding, a contract may be awarded through negotiation, allowing flexibility to determining the winning bidder. Here, the contracting officer conducts negotiations with offerors, therefore evaluating the best bidder for the contract. This process ensures that the best is obtained from a pool of bidders. However, the law prohibits the contracting officer from conducting favors on some bidders. FAR 52.249-2 indicates that, termination for convenience permits the government to terminate a contract at any time, without a reason, but only when in the government’s best interest (Vacketta, 1999). In addition, FAR 15.304 (c) (3) (i) require the evaluation of past performance on the contractors, however, in the lowest price factor, evaluation of past performance is not necessary (Naval air welfare centre, 2009). The selection of a bidder may be beyond responsiveness and responsibility; nevertheless, price is a very important factor in choosing the right bidder. Cite and explain the regulatory provisions (FAR) that relate to the particular contract performance issue of the report you chose. The protest on bidder’s responsibility and contact performance involves an appeal by one contractor in protest of the selected bidder’s award. Vacketta (1999) explains that an appeal to the United States court by a contractor should